What are the different types of memory? Provide examples of how these memory systems are
assessed. Describe age differences in the memory systems based on research using these
paradigms.
What will be an ideal response?
It is theorized that there are different types of memory: implicit, or memories that are
deeply stored that require little effort to retrieve; semantic, or our general, acquired
knowledge base; and, episodic, or memories for less connected facts or events. One of
the more popular implicit memory tasks is the lexical decision making task. In this
paradigm, adults are shown words and non-words and must quickly decide which
stimulus is a word. Semantic memory tasks, such as the semantic priming paradigm,
consists of recognizing whether certain word pairs (e.g., cat-dog) are more similar than
non-related pairs (e.g., train-sky). In episodic memory tasks, the adult must remember
information without cues, for example, in the free recall paradigm, the adult must
remember words that have been presented earlier without any assistance. In general,
most studies suggest that episodic memory declines in adults more rapidly than implicit
or semantic memories.
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Elizabeth's grandmother recently underwent a hip replacement operation. Because she took this course, Elizabeth is able to tell her grandmother that she
a. will need to be very careful, because the removal of her joint receptors means that she will not know the position of her hip without looking. b. will have to relearn how to walk, as the operation removes joint receptors responsible for managing muscle stretch. c. will still know the position of her hip without looking, even though her operation will remove all of her joint receptors. d. should prepare to deal with phantom pain from the joint receptors that have been removed.
What does the cognitive psychology view of classical conditioning state?
a. Organisms learn the relationships between events. b. Organisms form mental representations and make predictions about events. c. The focus is on the information learned by the organism. d. All of these
Thea watched a flock of brightly colored parrots fly from one tree to another. Information
about their shape and color were combined into three-dimensional form perception in the visual association cortex of the lower part of the __________ lobe a. frontal b. parietal c. occipital d. temporal e. visual
Absent-mindedness in a college student would typically involve
a. trying to study while watching television. b. a failure to encode a stimulus event. c. a failure to connect new input to previously stored information. d. a failure of iconic memory. e. an old memory making it difficult to recall a newer one.