The pathophysiology instructor is explaining to the pre-nursing students about the life cycle of the HIV virus. What are steps in this life cycle? (Mark all that apply.)
A) Integration
B) Detachment
C) Cleavage
D) Budding
E) Coating
Ans: A, C, D
Feedback: The HIV life cycle is complex and consists of the following steps:
1. Attachment: in this first step, the GP120 and GP41 glycoproteins of HIV bind with the host's uninfected CD4+ receptor and chemokine coreceptors, usually CCR5, which results in fusion of HIV with the CD4+T cell membrane.
2. Uncoating. The contents of HIV's viral core (two single strands of viral RNA and three viral enzymes: reverse transcriptase, integrase, and protease) are emptied into the CD4+ T cell.
3. DNA synthesis. HIV changes its genetic material from RNA to DNA through action of reverse transcriptase, resulting in double-stranded DNA that carries instruction for viral replication.
4. Integration. New viral DNA enters the nucleus of the CD4+ T cell and through action of integrase is blended with the DNA of the CD4+ T cell, resulting in permanent, lifelong infection. Prior to this step, the uninfected person has been only exposed to, not infected with, HIV. With this step, HIV infection is permanent.
5. Transcription. When the CD4+ T cell is activated, the double-stranded DNA forms single-stranded messenger RNA (mRNA), which builds new viruses.
6. Translation. The mRNA creates chains of new proteins and enzymes (polyproteins) that contain the components needed in the construction of new viruses.
7. Cleavage. The HIV enzyme protease cuts the polyprotein chain into the individual proteins that make up the new virus.
8. Budding. New proteins and viral RNA migrate to the membrane of the infected CD4+ T cell, exit from the cell, and start the process all over. Options B and E are incorrect.
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