Which phrase best describes what occurs during chemiosmosis?
a. the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using a proton gradient
b. the buildup of acetate in the cytoplasm in the absence of oxygen
c. the breakdown of oxygen as it enters the mitochondria
d. the production of NADH and FADH2 in cellular respiration
Ans: a. the synthesis of ATP by ATP synthase using a proton gradient
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Viruses variously depend on their host cell for parts of the viral replication and maturation process. Many viruses do however encode for some enzymes that facilitate certain steps or virus-specific processes for viral replication and maturation
Which cellular processes and enzymes do ALL viruses lack and must therefore ALWAYS be supplied by the host cell? What will be an ideal response?
When chromosomes fail to segregate properly, it can result in:
A. sister chromatids that are no longer identical. B. gene conversion. C. aneuploidy. D. mating type conversion. E. recombination.
contains enzymes that transfer hydrogen from various substrates to oxygen, producing
A. lysosome B. vacuole C. mitochondrion D. Golgi apparatus E. peroxisome
A molecular clock for evolution is based on
A. fossil records of organisms. B. cellular structures of organisms. C. nucleotide sequences in the genomes of organisms. D. enzymatic activities of organisms.