The independent variable in the research question, "What is the effect of noise levels on postoperative pain in ICU patients?" is which of the following?
A) Surgery
B) ICU patients
C) Noise levels
D) Postoperative pain
C
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The presumed cause is the independent variable and the presumed effect is the dependent or outcome variable. Variation in the dependent variable is presumed to depend on variation in the independent variable. In this case, the presumed cause is noise levels, which is thus the independent variable. Postoperative pain is the presumed effect, and thus the dependent variable. Neither surgery nor ICU patients are the independent variable.
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