A powerful way to ensure that the independent variable actually affected the dependent variable when using a before-and-after design is by

A) Using a multiple group before-and-after design
B) Using only multiple “after” groups
C) Using only multiple “before” groups
D) Using multiple “before and after” groups


A) Using a multiple group before-and-after design

Criminal Justice

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One of the drawbacks to the Duluth Model of intervention is that it requires considerable skill on the part of group leaders

a. True b. False

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The FBI defines murder as the willful (nonnegligent) killing of one human being by another

a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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During the __________, the Supreme Court for the first time attempted to exercise strong policy control over the administration of criminal justice.

A. 1950s B. 1960s C. 1970s D. 1980s

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a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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