Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)

1. Individuals without power will be better able to both reject a label or to impose a deviant label on another.
2. According to the labeling perspective, deviance is a status imposed on an individual or a group that may or may not be related to actual rule breaking.
3. Constructivism refers to the view that societies continuously construct and reconstruct their own understandings about deviance and crime.
4. According to theorists, labels can negatively affect individuals and may lead to future acts of deviance or crime.
5. Labeling theory is an objectivist perspective that rejects symbolic interactionism.


1. False
2. True
3. True
4. True
5. False

Criminal Justice

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Essentially, National Infrastructure Protection Plan (NIPP) enumerates a homeland security process consisting of all but which one of the following steps:

a. Establish security goals or performance targets that constitute a protective posture b. Identify assets, systems, networks, & functions within and outside the United States that require a level of protection c. Assess risks in terms of a direct or indirect attack on particular assets and the probability that a target will be attacked d. All of the above

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Social learning theory explains acts including violent ones as _________ the behavior of significant individuals.

a. ignoring b. modelling c. contemplating d. researching

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Most human labor trafficking cases involve victims being recruited as ______.

a. nannies b. sex workers c. prostitutes d. store managers

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Evidence of a defendant's character may be introduced by the ________ to show that a crime was not in line with that character.

Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).

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