What is the status of affirmative action in college admissions after the Supreme Court decisions in the two cases involving the University of Michigan, Gratzv.Bollinger (2003) and Grutterv.Bollinger (2003)?
a. Affirmative action policies are generally permissible, but they cannot involve race-based quotas or numerical point systems.
b. Affirmative action policies are assumed to be unconstitutional unless the university can demonstrate the need to promote racial tolerance.
c. Affirmative action policies must ensure that all racial and ethnic groups are represented in accordance with the population of the nation as a whole.
d. All forms of affirmative action are unconstitutional because they unfairly favor some people over others based on the color of their skin.
a
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The cabinet is
a. established by the Constitution. b. fixed in size. c. comprised of the chief officers of the judiciary. d. comprised of the chief officers of the major executive departments. e. appointed by Congress as a means to exercise power over the president.
Which of the following bureaucratic ministries are the most important in the Islamic Republic?
a. SAVAK, Justice, Defense, and Reconstruction b. Intelligence, Culture and Islamic Guidance, Interior, and Defense c. Reconstruction, SAVAK, Heavy Industries, and Justice d. Culture and Islamic Guidance, Intelligence, Reconstruction, and Heavy Industries e. Interior, Heavy Industries, Justice, and Culture and Islamic Guidance
Anarchy in the international system means that there is:
A. complete chaos B. constant warfare C. an absence of governance D. no law E. no morality
Since the 1950s, partisan control of government have been characterized as __________ more often than not
a. autocratic b. divided c. inclusive d. unified