An oncologist specializing in tumor development noticed that the presence of certain bacterial species in a tumor appeared to promote rapid progression of the cancerous cells. On microscopic examination, the cells were spindle-shaped and the culture had a rancid odor. The bacteria are likely to be ________.
A. Fusobacteria
B. Borrelia
C. cyanobacteria
D. Chlamydia
Answer: A
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A computer program recognizes an ORF by looking for ribosomal binding sites, start codons, and stop codons with an appropriate number of nucleotides between each element. What is a drawback of this approach?
A) Too many ORFS are identified, most of which are stretches on non-coding junk DNA. B) Codon bias causes incorrect annotations. C) Unusual, but legitimate genes and non-coding RNA may be missed. D) We lack the computing power to complete the analyses in a timely manner, thus many genomes are only partially annotated.
The markers that identify "self" are actually
A) genes. B) proteins. C) lipids. D) small surface bumps. E) triplet codons
B cells interact directly with
a. helper T cells. b. inflammation. c. phagocytes. d. the complement system.
Approximately what percentage of prokaryotes are thought to be pathogens?
A) <1% B) 12% C) 26% D) 48%