What is hypercapnia and how does it affect respiration?
What will be an ideal response?
Hypercapnia refers to high levels of carbon dioxide in the blood. The rise in carbon dioxide levels is detected by central chemoreceptors (in the medullary reticular formation) and peripheral chemoreceptors (in the carotid and aortic bodies) and stimulates the DRG. The DRG relays information to the VRG, which triggers an increase in the rate and depth of ventilation.
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When a muscle undergoes atrophy in response to disuse
A. the size of actin and myosin filaments decreases. B. the muscle swells. C. capillaries and vessels rupture. D. motor neurons grow and invade abnormally.
The __________ performs the work of the heart.
A. fibrous skeleton B. pericardial cavity C. endocardium D. myocardium E. epicardium
Marine sharks and rays
a. are ureosmotic conformers. b. are hyper-ionic osmoconformers. c. have ICF and ECF with equal or slightly higher osmotic pressure than the sea water. d. two of these. e. all of these.
Any situation that upsets homeostasis and threatens one's physical or emotional well-being is called ________.
A. pathology B. hyperthyroidism C. stress D. hirsuitism E. disease