The circumference of a circle is its periphery
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
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The following sentences form a paragraph. For each blank, select the correct verb form
She ___________ to make good grades so far, but she has never taken so many classes at the same time. A) has managed B) has manage
All of the following are similarities between cetaceans and humans except
Cetaceans have been of interest to mankind for centuries. While whales have been hunted since prehistoric times, it was not until the 1600s that serious over-hunting began. Of the original 90 species, only 80 remain and many of those are endangered. The establishment of the International Whaling Commission (IWC) in 1946 and the passage of the Marine Mammal Protection Act by Congress in 1972 have led to the recovery of some cetacean species. Brushing Up on Vocabulary cetaceans – a species of marine mammals that includes whales, dolphins, and porpoises. Although most other marine mammals sometimes return to land, cetaceans spend their entire lives in the water. How Intelligent Are Cetaceans? 1) We often hear that whales, dolphins, and porpoises are as intelligent as humans, maybe even more so. Are they really that smart? There is no question that cetaceans are among the most intelligent of animals. Dolphins, killer whales, and pilot whales in captivity quickly learn tricks. Bottlenose dolphins have been used to detect underwater mines in murky water. 2) This type of learning, however, is called conditioning. The animal simply learns that when it performs a particular behavior, it gets a reward, usually a fish. Many animals, including rats, birds, and even invertebrates, can be conditioned to perform tricks. We certainly don’t think of these animals as our mental rivals. 3) Unlike most other animals, however, dolphins quickly learn by observation and may spontaneously imitate human activities. One tame dolphin watched a diver cleaning an underwater viewing window, seized a feather in its beak, and began imitating the diver – complete with sound effects! Dolphins have also been seen imitating seals, turtles, and even water-skiers. 4) Given the seeming intelligence of cetaceans, people are always tempted to compare them with humans and other animals. Studies on discrimination and problem-solving skills in the bottlenose dolphin, for instance, have concluded that its intelligence lies “somewhere between that of a dog and a chimpanzee.” 5) Such comparisons are unfair. It is important to realize that intelligence is a very human concept and that we evaluate it in human terms. After all, not many people would consider themselves stupid because they couldn’t locate and identify a fish by its echo. Why should we judge cetaceans by their ability to solve human problems? 6) Both humans and cetaceans have large brains with an expanded and distinctively folded surface, the cortex. The cortex is the dominant association center of the brain, where abilities such as memory and sensory perception are centered. Cetaceans have larger brains than ours, but the ratio of brain to body weight is higher in humans. Again, direct comparisons are misleading. In cetaceans it is mainly the portions of the brain associated with hearing and the processing of sound information that are expanded. The enlarged portions of our brain deal largely with vision and hand-eye coordination. Cetaceans and humans almost certainly perceive the world in very different ways. Their world is largely one of sounds, ours one of sights. 7) Contrary to what is depicted in movies and on television, the notion of “talking” to dolphins is often misleading. Although they produce a rich repertoire of complex sounds, they lack vocal cords and their brains probably process sound differently from ours. Bottlenose dolphins have been trained to make sounds through the blowhole that sound something like human sounds, but this is a far cry from human speech. By the same token, humans cannot make whale sounds. We will probably never be able to carry on an unaided conversation with cetaceans. 8) As in chimps, captive bottlenose dolphins have been taught American Sign Language. These dolphins have been taught to communicate with trainers who use sign language to ask simple questions. Dolphins answer back by pushing a “yes” or “no” paddle. They have even been known to give spontaneous responses not taught by the trainers. Evidence also indicates that these dolphins can distinguish between commands that differ from each other only by their word order, a truly remarkable achievement. Nevertheless, dolphins do not seem to have a real language like ours. Unlike humans, dolphins probably cannot convey very complex messages. 9) Observations of cetaceans in the wild have provided some insights on their learning abilities. Several bottlenose dolphins off Western Australia, for instance, have been observed carrying large cone-shaped sponges over their beaks. They supposedly use the sponges for protection against stringrays and other hazards on the bottom as they search for fish to eat. Only females use sponges as tools, and it appears that this behavior is passed on by mothers to female offspring. This is the first record of tool use and of its cultural transmission in a wild marine mammal. 10) Instead of “intelligence,” some people prefer to speak of “awareness.” In any case, cetaceans probably have a very different awareness and perception of their environment than do humans. Maybe one day we will come to understand cetaceans on their terms instead of ours, and perhaps we will discover a mental sophistication rivaling our own. a. both have an expanded cortex. b. both process information in the same way. c. both can answer “yes” or “no” questions. d. both can learn by imitating.
Un número (muy grande, considerable) ____________ de parejas baila hasta quedar exhaustas.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
Muchasactividades Lidia is talking on the phone with her friend Ignacio. Read the dialogue and answer the questions that follow.
Lidia: Hola. Ignacio: Lidia, te habla Ignacio. ¿Qué haces? Lidia: Ignacio, estoy en el gimnasio. Voy a entrar a la piscina. ¿Dónde estás? Ignacio: Estoy patinandoen el centro. Lidia: Oye, ¿hablaste con Mario? Me dijo Antonia que quiere hablar con nosotros. Ignacio: Sí, sí, jugamos tenis ayer. Quiere invitarnos a hacer alpinismo este fin de semana. Pero sabes, traté de llamarte ayer pero no te encontré. ¿Hiciste algo interesante? Lidia: Nada en particular.Vine al gimnasio y me entrené un poco. Ah… y anoche fui a un partido de básquetbol. Ignacio: Mira, tengo que irme pero ¿quieres jugar golf mañana por la tarde? Lidia: Sí, sí, lo podemos hacer después de las dos. Por la mañana no puedo, tengo que levantar pesas. Ignacio: Muy bien, tengo clase ahora pero te llamo después. ¿Qué te parece? Lidia: Perfecto.Hasta luego. Ignacio: Chau. 1. Ahora Lidia va a ____________. a. levantar pesas b. practicar el ciclismo c. nadar