When we experience an unpleasant state of tension between two or more conflicting thoughts, we are experiencing
A) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
B) obedience.
C) the fundamental attribution error.
D) cognitive dissonance.
Answer: D
Rationale: Cognitive dissonance occurs when an individual has two thoughts (cognitions) that are inconsistent with each other (dissonance) and, as a result, experiences motivation to reduce the discrepancy.
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Less than 30 minutes into the four-hour film, Sanford could tell he was going to hate the movie. He considered getting up and walking out but felt compelled to sit through the whole movie because he had already spent his money on the ticket. This illustrates
a. the sunk cost principle. b. the normative model. c. the due process model. d. equity theory.
Which of the following students provides the best summary of the research about using a cell phone and paying attention while driving?
a. Hans: "As long as you talk on a hands-free cell phone, you can still pay full attention to driving." b. Gail: "As long as you are an experienced driver, talking on a hand-held cell phone or a hands-free cell phone will not distract your attention." c. MarÃa Luisa: "If the traffic is heavy, talking on a hands-free cell phone can distract your attention." d. Josh: "Fortunately, drivers are not distracted when a passenger is having a conversation on a phone."
Theo is quite a loner. He walks to class by himself, does not talk to anyone, and appears indifferent to other people. It is clear that Theo neither desires nor enjoys closeness with others. He does not act in any obviously unusual ways, nor does he appear to possess strange beliefs about the world. Of the following personality disorders, Theo appears to be a. avoidant
b. antisocial. c. schizotypal. d. schizoid.
Which of the following is not a necessary characteristic of a true experiment?
a. a pretest b. random assignment of participants to groups c. control of threats to internal validity d. at least two levels of the independent variable