Describe the body's hormonal responses to stress
The catecholamines (epinephrine and norepinephrine)—often called the fight-or-flight hormones—stimulate heart muscle, raise blood pressure, and increase metabolic rate. Epinephrine also promotes glucagon secretion from the pancreas, prompting the release of nutrients from storage. The steroid hormone cortisol enhances muscle protein degradation, raising amino acid levels in the blood and making amino acids available for conversion to glucose. All of these hormones have similar effects on glucose and fat metabolism, causing the breakdown of glycogen, the production of glucose from amino acids, and the breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue. Thus, the combined effects of these hormones contribute to hyperglycemia, which often accompanies critical illness. Two other hormones induced by stress, aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone, help to maintain blood volume by stimulating the kidneys to reabsorb more sodium and water, respectively
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Starvation causes the body to draw on _____ for energy. When the fat reserves are depleted, the body must turn to _____ for energy, and thus begins to metabolize muscle mass at an increased rate
1.body fat; protein 2.body protein; fat 3.Nitrogen; ketones 4.fatty acids; ketones 5.fatty acids; nitrogen
Donna is a 22-year-old college student on the tennis team. She prides herself on staying in shape but often eats empty-calorie meals when she is in a rush. She knows that some family members have had different kinds of cancer and is curious to find out what steps, if any, she can reduce her risks. She visits a reputable site on the Internet and gleans several useful suggestions that she plans on
implementing. Let's see if you agree with her new found information.Among Donna's favorite foods are hot dogs and the traditional cured ham featured in her mother's Sunday dinners. What type of cancer is associated with high intakes of Donna's favorites? a. colon b. esophagus c. liver d. stomach e. pancreas
The most important of all the nutrients is water
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Which of the following statements is true regarding minerals?
a. environmental sources of minerals cannot lead to toxicity. b. minerals that are essential in small doses can be toxic if consumed in excess. c. deficiencies always cause symptoms that impact short-term health d. deficiencies rarely have long term effects on health