A nurse is applying cold therapy to a client with a contusion of the arm. Which of the following is an effect of cold therapy? Select all that apply
A) Constricts peripheral blood vessels
B) Reduces muscle spasms
C) Increases blood flow to tissues
D) Increases the local release of pain-producing substances
E) Reduces the formation of edema and inflammation
Ans: A, B, E
The local application of cold constricts peripheral blood vessels, reduces muscle spasms, and promotes comfort. Cold reduces blood flow to tissues and decreases the local release of pain-producing substances such as histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin. This action in turn reduces the formation of edema and inflammation. Decreased metabolic needs and capillary permeability, combined with increased coagulation of blood at the wound site, facilitate the control of bleeding and reduce edema formation. Cold also reduces muscle spasms, alters tissue sensitivity (producing numbness), and promotes comfort by slowing the transmission of pain stimuli.
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The clinic nurse is reviewing the immunization guidelines for hepatitis B. Which are true of the guidelines for this vaccine? (Select all that apply.)
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The nurse knows that the greatest internal factor to consider when educating an adult client con-cerning health promotion activities is the client's:
1. Emotional wellness 2. Developmental stage 3. Professed spirituality 4. Intellectual background