Which of the following examples below describes an autoimmune disease?
A) Release of bacterial endotoxins that block acetylcholine release result in muscle paralysis.
B) Antibody binding to acetylcholine receptors of the motor end plate resulting in muscle weakness.
C) Infection and death of T-helper cells by a virus, resulting in a loss of adaptive immunity.
D) Uncontrolled cell division resulting in cell surface abnormalities recognized by NK cells.
B
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The adrenal medulla consists of modified, post-ganglionic sympathetic neurons called chromaffin cells which store norepinephrine and epinephrine in chromaffin granules. In this situation, when these chemical transmitters are released they act as
a. neurohormones. b. neurotransmitters. c. stress inducers. d. glucocorticoids. e. mineralocorticoids.
The phenomenal diversity of antibodies produced by an individual is possible because
a. B-cells contain more genes than other cells of the body. b. once the gene encoding an antibody is transcribed, the mRNA is sloppily translated, in effect introducing mutations (and therefore diversity) post-translationally. c. even though they have the same number of genes as other cells of the body, virtually all of their genome is dedicated to antibody genes. d. the gene fragments encoding antibodies are cut, reshuffled and spliced during a B-cell's development, enabling innumerable amino acid sequences to be generated. e. None of these.
Fertilization usually occurs in the _____ while fetal development occurs in the _____
A. uterus, vagina B. uterine tube, uterus C. uterine tube, fimbriae D. vagina, uterus E. ovary, uterus
Which of the following hormones causes an increase in metabolism throughout the body?
A) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) B) Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) C) Tetraiodothyronine D) Triiodothyronine