Differentiate among age, cohort, and time-of-measurement effects
ANSWER:
Age effects in research are usually represented as chronological age. However, age effects are due to biological, psychological, and sociocultural changes in individuals. These are not dependent upon age, per se. Cohort effects are specific to the generation to which one belongs. A cohort can consist of people born in a certain year or of people who lived during a normative historical event, such as during 9/11. Time- of-measurement effects have to do with the larger societal events happening at the time of data collection. For example, people's views of a president may vary depending upon the state of the economy.
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