The impact of the lower courts can be felt on the Supreme Court because
A) the executive branch places the burden of enforcement on the lower courts.
B) the Supreme Court rarely makes broad and clear-cut statements, allowing lower court interpretation.
C) the Supreme Court typically returns complex cases to the lower courts for further review.
D) lower courts may reverse the decisions of higher courts in the federal court system.
E) the lower courts are not bound to the doctrine of stare decisis, and tend toward activism.
B
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Daniel Shay emerged as a leader at the Confederation Congress in 1787
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.
The realist-behavioralist view suggests that judicial decision making is essentially the product of
a. extralegal factors. b. laws. c. precedent. d. facts.
Which of the following statements about the partisanship of African Americans in the pre-World War I period is most accurate?
A. African Americans remained loyal to the Democratic Party even though the party was not committed to civil rights. B. African Americans were equally divided between the parties depending on their income and where they lived. C. African Americans were loyal to the Republican Party because of Emancipation and Reconstruction. D. The inability of African Americans to vote meant that they had no existing partisan attachments.
Coming after the Civil War, the Fourteenth Amendment
a. specifically prohibited the ability of states to nullify federal laws. b. made it possible for states to secede without approval of the Congress. c. extended citizenship to all persons born in the United States. d. placed all voting laws and regulations under the control of Congress. e. abolished slavery.