Identify and describe the four key principles of consciousness discussed in the text. Then identify which principle you think is most important and explain why.
What will be an ideal response?
The four key principles are:
1. Consciousness is dynamic: This means that your state of awareness changes from moment to moment, due to changes in attention and awareness. Even though consciousness is constantly changing, it remains unbroken, which is why it can be described as a stream of consciousness.
2. Consciousness involves both arousal and awareness: This involves alertness or wakefulness (nervous system arousal) and awareness of the environment around you at any point in time. A person who is only experiencing one of these states is not considered conscious.
3. Consciousness can be altered: Throughout the day, it can change spontaneously (as with daydreaming), intentionally (through, for example, meditation or drug use), or through an illness or traumatic injury that affects the brain.
4. Consciousness is produced by brain activity: In particular, brain activity has been found through neuroimaging techniques to be tied to higher-level cortical processing areas in the brain and the brainstem.
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Which of the following possible influences on witness error are psychologists almost unanimous (97%) in viewing as "reliable enough" to testify about?
A. Wording of interview questions B. Stress C. Unconscious transference D. Time effects
Imagine that you are participating in a study of implicit memory. If the researcher is using a word ________ task in order to determine whether you will respond with the word "missile," then you will be shown the letters ________ as the proper stimulus
a. stem completion; "leismsi" b. identification; "mis____" c. fragment completion; "__ss__e" d. stem completion; "mis___"
Alberto arrived at a party and was introduced in order to Sandra, Frank, Jake, and Helen. Later in the evening, he could remember only Sandra's name. This is an example of
a. the recency effect b. motivated forgetting c. the primacy effect d. episodic memory
After their children are grown, Helena and Opio take up new hobbies. Helena is learning how to do more programs on the computer, and Opio is exploring cooking. While Gutman may say these are examples of gender crossover, what should be inferred?
A. Middle and late adulthood is a time for exploring previously uncharted aspects of a personality. B. Once the child raising stage is over, men tend to become more feminine than women, and women become more masculine than men. C. If a couple has had children, they are more likely to pursue a divorce if they do not have separate hobbies. D. The stages following young adulthood continue to enforce societal gender stereotypes.