Explain how immunization works and provide at least two examples of successful vaccination programs
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Memory B cells provide immunological memory, and this cell memory is the key to immunization. When an animal is exposed to an inactivated antigen obtained from a potential pathogen, it does not cause disease symptoms, but the animal's immune system produces memory cells. These memory cells respond very quickly upon detection of the pathogen's antigens. A second exposure to the pathogen's antigens results in quick reproduction of memory cells and rapid production of antibodies to fight the pathogen.
Examples of successful vaccination programs include 1) humans benefiting from the polio vaccine, 2) domestic pets being vaccinated against rabies, and 3) wildlife species being vaccinated when they ingest bait containing the rabies vaccine that is specifically dropped in areas where rabies is present (rabies eradication program).
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White rami carry ________ neurons, while gray rami carry ________ neurons.
A. myelinated postganglionic; unmyelinated preganglionic B. unmyelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic C. unmyelinated postganglionic; myelinated preganglionic D. myelinated preganglionic; unmyelinated postganglionic E. myelinated preganglionic; myelinated postganglionic
Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter released by:
A. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla. B. cells of the adrenal medulla and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons. C. motor neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons. D. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons. E. preganglionic sympathetic neurons and motor neurons.
Arrange the following events of exocytosis in the correct sequence:
(1) vesicle membrane fuses with plasma membrane (2) secretory vesicles migrate to plasma membrane (3) vesicle contents are expelled from cell (4) secretions accumulate within secretory vesicles A. 1, 4, 2, 3 B. 2, 1, 4, 3 C. 1, 2, 3, 4 D. 4, 2, 1, 3 E. 3, 1, 4, 2
Interleukin 1 and interferons act as
A. defervescents and trigger a decrease of body temperature. B. defervescents and trigger an elevation of body temperature. C. pyrogens and trigger an elevation of body temperature. D. pyrogens and trigger a decrease of body temperature.