What two discoveries did Lashley make that led him to reject the theory that the brain worked like a complex switchboard linking sensory impulses to motor reactions?
What will be an ideal response?
Lashley made two major observations that led him to abandon the switchboard
conception of the brain. The first was mass action, which is the finding that loss of
ability following destruction of parts of the cortex is related more to the amount of
destruction than the location of destruction. This indicates that the cortex works as a
unified whole (as the Gestaltists had argued). His second observation was called
equipotentiality, which was the finding that any part of a functional area in the brain
can perform the function associated with that area, so to destroy a brain function, the
entire brain area associated with that function would need to be destroyed. This also
supports the idea that the brain operates as an integrated whole and not as a
mechanistic switchboard.
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a. malingering c. dissembling b. loafing d. obfuscating
In his later writings, Sigmund Freud related suicide to ______
a. a collapse of the id leading to destructive dominance of a guilt-ridden superego b. the effects of stress and external social forces c. the perception that life has become meaningless, dull, empty, and hopeless d. an inborn death instinct
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A. unconsciously; semantic B. consciously; semantic C. unconsciously; episodic D. consciously; episodic
The enteric nervous system (ENS), which is sometimes described as our "second brain" because it uses and manufactures many of the neurotransmitters and hormones that are found in the brain, _____.
a. has no influence on higher-level thinking b. is embedded in the spinal column c. is part of the cerebellum d. is involved in emotional regulation