A 26-month-old child often displays negative behavior, refuses to have anything to do with toilet
training, and often shouts "no!" when given direction. His mother asks the nurse what might be the
matter with the child.
The counseling the nurse gives the mother should be based on the premise that
the child is engaged in the psychosocial crisis of
a. trust versus mistrust.
b. initiative versus guilt.
c. industry versus inferiority.
d. autonomy versus shame and doubt.
ANS: D
The crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt is related to the developmental task of gaining
control of self and environment, as exemplified by toilet training. This psychosocial crisis occurs
during the period of early childhood. Option A: Trust versus mistrust is the crisis of the infant.
Option B: Initiative versus guilt is the crisis of the preschool and early school-aged child. Option C:
Industry versus inferiority is the crisis of the 6- to 12-year-old child.
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