What are Gilligan's criticisms of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
What will be an ideal response?
The most publicized criticism of Kohlberg's theory has come from Carol Gilligan, who argues that Kohlberg's theory reflects a gender bias. According to Carol Gilligan, Kohlberg's theory is based on a male norm that puts abstract principles above relationships and concern for others and sees the individual as standing alone and independently making moral decisions. In contrast to Kohlberg's justice perspective, which focuses on the rights of the individual, Gilligan argues for a care perspective, which is a moral perspective that views people in terms of their connectedness with others and emphasizes interpersonal communication, relationships with others, and concern for others. According to Gilligan, Kohlberg greatly underplayed the care perspective. Perhaps this was so because he was a male, because most of his research was with males rather than females, and because he used male responses as a model for his theory.
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Nguyen is writing a report on the personality disorder that has been studied most thoroughly. He'll most likely end up writing his paper on the topic of ____ personality disorder
a. antisocial b. borderline c. obsessive-compulsive d. dependent
Ellen is shown a somewhat ambiguous picture of a person in a lab coat studying what looks like a medical chart. Ellen is then asked to tell a story about this person. She says that this person is a new resident in a hospital and is working very long hours, but is happy to have finally reached his goal of becoming a doctor. In this story, Ellen is exhibiting:
a. low achievement motivation c. high fear of failure b. high achievement motivation d. a self-handicapping strategy
A new development in exposure therapy for combat soldiers is
A) the use of virtual reality programs to simulate an individual trauma as closely as possible. B) the use of computers to provide educational information about combat experiences. C) the use of group therapy where other combat veterans describe their experiences in detail. D) the use of military orders to stay in therapy, to reduce the otherwise high drop-out rate.
In which situation is a person most likely to be the victim of evaluation bias on the basis of his or her gender?
a. A man applies for a job as a security guard. b. A novel is being reviewed by a critic who has read many of the female author's books and articles. c. A teenage girl plays piano for her best friends and family. d. Scott enters his favorite cake recipe in the local fair.