A nursing instructor is explaining the etiology of trauma-related disorders from a learning theory perspective. Which student statement indicates that learning has occurred?
1. "How clients perceive events and view the world affect their response to trauma."
2. "The psychic numbing in PTSD is a result of negative reinforcement."
3. "The individual becomes addicted to the trauma owing to an endogenous opioid response."
4. "Believing that the world is meaningful and controllable can protect an individual from PTSD."
2
Rationale: Learning theorists view negative reinforcement as behavior that leads to a reduction in an aversive experience, thereby reinforcing and resulting in repetition of the behavior. Psychic numbing decreases or protects an individual from emotional pain and, therefore, the learned response is the repetition of this behavior.
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