Which of the following statements is a logical consequence of the second law of thermodynamics?
A. If the entropy of a system increases, there must be a corresponding decrease in the entropy of the universe.
B. If there is an increase in the energy of a system, there must be a corresponding decrease in the energy of the rest of the universe.
C. Every energy transfer requires activation energy from the environment.
D. Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
E. Energy can be transferred or transformed, but it cannot be created or destroyed.
D. Every chemical reaction must increase the total entropy of the universe.
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Viruses may only be grown
A. in sterile, cell-free chemical growth media. B. in living cells. C. at body temperature. D. in darkness.
The source of variation among microorganisms that were once identical is
A. antibiotic resistance. B. virulence factors. C. sigma factors. D. mutation.
If a restriction endonuclease cuts a linear DNA three times, how many fragments should there be after the DNA is
subjected to electrophoresis through an agarose gel?
a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 e. 5
Which of the following accurately describes an oncogene?
a. a gene that may cause cancer when it has been mutated b. genes that trigger apoptosis in malignant cancer cells c. carcinogenic viral DNA inserted into human DNA d. a duplicate of a damaged gene that prevents cancer