Since many altruistic individuals do not reproduce, how are the genes for their behavior passed on?

a. All altruistic individuals are born infertile; their sacrifices do not impair their reproductive potential

b. Altruists generally sacrifice themselves for close relatives, thus they share some genes with the individuals they help protect.
c. Altruism always develops among highly inbred populations, where each individual is a near identical genetic copy of every other individual.
d. Genetic evidence suggests that altruistic behavior results from mutant genes.


b

Biology & Microbiology

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