Complications common to patients receiving hemodialysis for acute kidney injury include which of the following? (Select all that apply.)
a. Hypotension
b. Dysrhythmias
c. Muscle cramps
d. Hemolysis
e. Air embolism
A, B
Hypotension is common and is usually the result of preexisting hypovolemia, excessive amounts of fluid removal, or excessively rapid removal of fluid. Dysrhythmias may occur during dialysis. Causes of dysrhythmias include a rapid shift in the serum potassium level, clearance of antidysrhythmic medications, preexisting coronary artery disease, hypoxemia, or hypercalcemia from rapid influx of calcium from the dialysate solution. Muscle cramps occur more commonly in chronic renal failure. Hemolysis, air embolism, and hyperthermia are rare complications of hemodialysis.
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