Normal age-related changes affecting the respiratory status of older adults are gradual. Some of these changes include
a. Weakened abdominal muscles
b. Increased rigidity of the rib cage
c. Increased thickness of the alveolus capillary membrane
d. All of the above
D
In the normal aging process, abdominal muscles weaken, decreasing inspiratory and expiratory efforts; the rib cage becomes rigid because of calcification of cartilage; and the alveolus capillary membranes thicken, decreasing the surface area for gas exchange.
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