In an ex post facto study, a researcher investigated the effect of academic self-concept on school achievement. He concluded that a more positive self-concept leads to higher achievement in school. Label the following plausible alternative hypotheses as common cause, reverse causality, or other independent variables may be operating. Teachers are impressed by students with positive self-concept

Question

and tend to overrate their achievement.

a. common cause
b. reverse causality
c. other independent variables may be operating

Answer 1

C