Generally speaking, vaccinations are effective in combating future infections because they induce the production of
A. helper T cells.
B. neutrophils.
C. prostaglandins.
D. mutations in the host genome.
E. memory cells.
E. memory cells.
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What is one of the primary reasons given for why there are very few fossils from the earliest (pre-Ediacaran fauna) animals?
A. The area covered by land, where early animals lived, was small so there were fewer opportunities for sedimentary rocks to form fossils. B. The area covered with water was much smaller than present day, so there were fewer places for fossilization to occur on the ocean floor. C. The earliest animals were soft-bodied and did not have requisite body parts that could be fossilized through mineralization. D. The earliest animals were distributed in high-oxygen environments, and decomposition occurred too rapidly for fossilization to occur.
Some ________ influence histone modification reactions.
A) microRNAs B) histones C) p53 genes D) scaffolding proteins E) tumor suppressors
Which of the following is not considered to be part of an innate immune response?
a. phagocytic cells e. inflammation b. fever f. complement activiation c. histamines g. antigen-presenting cells d. cytokines h. none of these
Your friend Joe recently visited the doctor for steroid injections into his knee to reduce swelling due to a previous knee injury. Within a couple of days, he had an infection caused by Pseudomonas, a very pathogenic and drug resistant bacterium. Luckily, Joe went to the doctor immediately and received antibiotics. The doctor tells him that the same problem has occurred to many other people across the United States. Predict the most likely cause of this situation.
A. The needles were re-used and already contaminated before being used on the patients. B. The steroid was contaminated at the production plant, so all batches of that drug made at that plant were contaminated with the bacterium. C. The bacterium is normally on the skin of people, so can easily access the patient's blood during the needle stick. D. The staff giving the steroid injections did not use proper aseptic technique.