List and define Dutch criminologist Willem Bonger’s views on criminality.
What will be an ideal response?
Dutch criminologist Willem Bonger’s Criminality and Economic Conditions (1905/1969) is the first work devoted to a Marxist analysis of crime. For Bonger, the roots of crime lie in the exploitive and alienating conditions of capitalism, although some individuals are at greater risk of crime than others because people vary in their innate social sentiments—altruism (an active concern for the well-being of others) and its opposite, egoism (a concern only for one’s own selfish interests). Bonger believed that capitalism generates egoism and blunts altruism because it relies on competition for wealth, profits, status, and jobs, setting person against person and group against group, leaving the losers to their miserable fates. Such a moral climate generates alienation, greed, and crime. Bonger believed that poverty was the major cause of crime but traced poverty’s effects on family structure (broken homes, illegitimacy), poor parental supervision of their children, and “the lack of civilization and education among the poorer classes
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In Vernonia School District v. Acton (1995), SCOTUS found that random (without individualized suspicion) drug testing of: a. students participating in athletic programs was unreasonable
b. student athletes must be consensual in order to comply with the Fourth Amendment. c. all students voluntarily participating in the school district's athletic programs was reasonable. d. is not a Fourth Amendment issue.
Stock market reports in the New York Times are not admissible to show the value of stock unless they are authenticated by employees of the New York Stock Exchange
Indicate whether the statement is true or false