One of the four defining characteristics of adaptive immunity is memory. Describe this characteristic and explain the difference in response between a primary and secondary immune response
What will be an ideal response?
In a primary immune response, it takes about a week for B and T cells to respond in force the first time they encounter an antigen. Both effector and memory cells are expanded in the primary response. Memory is the capacity of the adaptive immune system to "remember " an antigen (via memory cells). Memory cells are long-lived lymphocytes reserved for possible future encounters with the same antigen. Memory cells can persist for decades after the initial infection ends. If the same antigen enters the body at a later time, these memory cells carry out a faster, stronger secondary response because the initial startup time is not needed for the secondary response.
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When a cell acquires a new function, it usually has acquired:
A. additional nutrients. B. additional energy. C. additional volume. D. a new enzyme.
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood of humans is transported
A. as dissolved CO2 in plasma. B. as bicarbonate ion in plasma. C. attached to hemoglobin in red blood cells. D. attached to hemoglobin in plasma. E. as carbonic acid.
In Chapter 3, you learned about the evolution of the 14 finch-like species on the Galapagos
Islands. As shown in the figure below, each species has a different beak shape; thus, each
species is adapted to feeding on different food sources.
A nerve impulse is initiated when
A. a reversal in the polarized state of the cell causes it to reach action potential. B. voltage-gated channels close. C. physical disruption of the cell membrane causes some of its contents, including ions, to leak out. D. the Schwann cells move into their new position.