Explain the role of exposure to antigens in the development of the immune system in the fetus and in the primary and secondary immune responses in children and adults. How does this compare to the role of innate immunity?
What will be an ideal response?
During development, any lymphocytes bearing receptors that bind to molecules in the fetus are eliminated. Thus
the only lymphocytes that persist at birth are those that failed to bind to anything, that is, those that have never
encountered an antigen. Once the immune system has matured (early in infancy), primary immune responses
develop in response to never-before encountered antigens, and secondary immune responses develop with
subsequent exposures to the same antigens. Innate immunity is, at all times, independent of prior antigen exposure.
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Release of energy from many biological molecules requires oxygen, and yet some species are able to survive in conditions having little or no oxygen (hypoxia or anoxia). What adaptations allow them to do this?
What will be an ideal response?
Osteoarthritis is caused by a bacterial infection
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
The second heart sound is produced by the
a. opening of the AV valves b. closing of the AV valves c. opening of the semilunar valves d. closing of the semilunar valves e. blood rushing through the AV valves during diastole, creating a turbulent flow
Which of the following represents an accurate analogy of dual innervation?
A. A remote control that can increase and decrease the volume of a television B. The water tank refilling when a toilet has been flushed C. An HVAC system that warms a cool room or cools a hot room D. Both "An HVAC system that warms a cool room or cools a hot room" and "A remote control that can increase and decrease the volume of a television" are correct.