What common features do the Byzantine Empire and the Islamic caliphates share?
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
a. The rulers of both claimed political and religious authority. Byzantine emperors claimed divine authority by being anointed with holy oil. Islamic caliphs claimed religious authority as successors of the prophet Muhammad.
b. Both states had an official religion: Orthodox Christianity in the Byzantine Empire and Islam in the Umayyad and Abbasid caliphates.
c. The architectural landscape of cities in both empires reflected the state religion. Churches dotted the Byzantine Empire while mosques dotted the Islamic caliphates.
d. Both wanted to convert polytheists to their religion. Christian missionaries were active in converting polytheists to Christianity, and the Byzantine state cracked down on polytheist practices. In the Islamic caliphates, polytheists were forced to convert to Islam or face death.
e. A common language united the diverse peoples in each empire. Greek was used in the Byzantine Empire; Arabic was used in the Islamic caliphates.
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