During inflammation, host tissue may be damaged owing to the release of toxic oxygen derivatives produced by activated macrophages and neutrophils. Explain what cellular mechanisms limit these damaging bystander effects
What will be an ideal response?
Toxic oxygen species including superoxide, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, hydroxyl radical, hypohalite, and nitric oxide are produced during the respiratory burst in macrophages and neutrophils. Simultaneous extraphagosomal production of enzymes that neutralize these compounds occurs. Specifically, superoxide dismutase metabolizes superoxide to hydrogen peroxide, which is further metabolized by catalase to innocuous water and molecular oxygen.
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The upper gastrointestinal system includes the structures from the mouth through the ________
A) colon B) large intestine C) small intestine D) stomach
A large gauge needle would be most likely to be used for ____
A) allergy testing B) intradermal injections C) TB testing D) a biopsy
Studies consistently demonstrate that study subjects fall asleep faster
A) when the sleep environment is dark. B) when the bed is warm and the room is cool. C) when the sleep environment is reasonably quiet. D) All of the answers are correct.
Your recommended BMI will tend to be on the lower end of the range if you have a
A) large frame size. B) small frame size. C) low body fat percentage. D) large amount of muscle.