According to Esbensen et al. (2001), what is perhaps the most valid measure of gang membership?

a) gang reported membership lists
b) self nomination
c) government reports
d) the Levene test


B

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Although it may be useful for discouraging some undesirable forms of behavior, the use of punishment may serve as an impediment to the development of genuine morality

a. True b. False

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Juvenile delinquency tends to be more commonly found in ____________

a. homes with marital discord b. homes with a lack of family communication c. parents who are not affectionate d. All of the above

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Few prisons have extensive postsecondary education programs, even though several thousand inmates took college classes and earned college degrees in the past

Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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The set of emotional and behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to a work situation and environmental influences is known as:

a. working personality. b. subculture. c. adaptive personality. d. authoritative personality. e. socialization.

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