Describe the three ways of resolving collective action problems
What will be an ideal response?
(i) Coercion involves the use of force or the threat of force. In such cases, people must participate whether they want to or not. States can coerce collective action by imposing taxation, jury duty, or military service. In civil society, unionization is sometimes coercive.
(ii) Appealing involves calling for volunteers to spend their time, money, or other resources working toward a collective goal without offering anything specific in return.
(iii) A very small proportion of any country's population voluntarily engages in extensive political activism. Given this, groups frequently provide enticements to encourage individuals to join. Such enticements come in the form of private goods, which are things that only one or a few people can consume, and that others are excluded from consuming. A public good is something that everyone can consume, and no one can be excluded from consuming.
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Independent expenditures
A. must be made from the candidate's personal funds. B. are unregulated funds spent by organizations and individuals on advertising or other campaign activities. C. were banned by the Supreme Court decision in Citizens United v. FEC. D. were less important in the 2012 presidential election than in previous years. E. must be coordinated with the activities of the candidate in which they are tied to.
The exodus of U.S. jobs began:
a. Fairly recently, with the export of technology jobs to Bangladesh. b. As a result of the influx of immigrants into the U.S. c. In the 1960s, when automobile companies exported jobs to Mexico and elsewhere. d. With the advance of technology and its effect on trade.
Which of the following is the most accurate description of Sino-Soviet relations?
a. China and the Soviet Union/Russia have had a long history of close relations. It is only in the last 20 years that they have opposed each other. b. Before communist governments came to power in both countries, the two countries had almost no interaction. c. Historically, China acquired large quantities of Russian territory in the nineteenth century. This accounts for much of Russia's current animosity toward China. d. China and the Soviet Union/Russia have had a long history of cool and even hostile relations. One of the rare occasions of truly "friendly" relations was in the 1950s, and another is now.
Which of the following is NOT the purpose of creating the research design for a research problem?
a. to control for unwanted variation b. to analyze the data collected c. to create an outline or plan for data collection d. to suggest how the data will be collected