Piaget’s stage of “formal operational thinking” has been the subject of many years of cross-cultural research. This body of research has revealed that
a. this developmental stage is found to occur in the vast majority of the societies studied.
b. individuals in many societies never exhibit this type of thinking.
c. formal operational thinking is determined entirely by culture rather than individual experience.
d. all adolescents and adults in Western technological cultures display formal operational thinking.
Answer: b
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