Describe how the amphipathic nature of phospholipids leads to the formation of the phospholipid bilayer organization observed in membrane structure. Based upon this information, how would you design a drug delivery system to cross the cell membrane?
What will be an ideal response?
Basically, student answers should include the orientation of phospholipids such that the phosphate ends are surrounded by a hydrating sphere and the hydrophobic tails sequestered within each other (giving the bilayer organization). The drugs could be placed inside phospholipid micelles that would be able to deliver the drugs by fusing with the cell membrane and releasing their contents into the cytoplasm.
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How and where is ATP made in a eukaryotic cell?
A. ATP is only made in the mitochondria in response to chemiosmosis. B. ATP is made in all compartments of the cell in response to endergonic reactions and is used to drive exergonic reactions in the cell. C. ATP can be made by direct phosphorylation of ADP in the cytoplasm, and by an enzyme complex that uses the energy from a proton gradient to drive ATP synthesis in the mitochondria. It can also be made in other locations in the cell, depending on the cell type. D. ATP can be made by an enzyme complex that uses the energy of protons moving down their concentration gradient from the mitochondrial matrix to the cytoplasm to make the ATP.
Cells save energy and materials by using many of the same enzymes for both ________ and ________.
What will be an ideal response?
Experiments done at Cedar Creek Long Term Ecological Research site are ideal for examining concepts at what level?
A) ecosystem B) population C) community D) individual
______ are connective tissue cells specialized to carry on phagocytosis and play an important role in the defense against infection
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).