What effect did the Fourteenth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, ratified in 1868, have on former slaves?
a. recognized them as three-fifths of a person in the determination of representation in the U.S. House of Representatives
b. granted them citizenship
c. upheld slavery as an institution in the southern states
d. gave the right to state governments to determine if slavery is legal within their borders
e. granted reparations for their former enslavement
ANS: B
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How do lobbyists typically seek to influence members of Congress who already tend to support the interest group?
a. by formally introducing bills to Congress b. by filing amicus curiae briefs c. by organizing protests and demonstrations on Capitol Hill d. by providing information on policy issues
Which of the following describes the term shadow campaign?
a. campaign without guidance or coordination of a candidate b. a state campaign that mimics a national campaign c. candidates from political parties that are too small to compete nationally d. winning campaign for a “dark horse” candidate
In its simplest formulation, rationality is the ability to
a. relate means to ends. b. decide what ends people should want. c. make decisions based on perfect information. d. make decisions based on imperfect information.
Disputes between a state and a citizen of another state are heard by __________ courts.
A. state B. justice of the peace C. federal D. municipal