Janine is trying to quit smoking because she knows it can have multiple negative effects on the embryo and fetus. Explain how cigarette smoking can slow fetal growth, leading to low-birth-weight babies.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Smoking can cause epigenetic modifications that lead genes critical to growth to be turned off at the wrong times.
2. Nicotine constricts blood vessels throughout the body, including in the uterus, which reduces the ability of the placenta to supply oxygen and nutrients to the fetus.
2. It also raises the level of carbon monoxide in the fetal bloodstream, displacing oxygen from red blood cells. This may result in low-birth-weight babies.
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