A nurse educator teaches about theories of late-life depression. Which of the following statements by a student shows that the material is understood?
A) "Adverse events impair your ability to evaluate yourself."
B) "Depression is caused by decreased activity in the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis."
C) "Older adults with depression and chronic illness have more serious negative functional consequences."
D) "Researchers have identified a cause-and-effect relationship between depression and dementia."
Ans: C
Studies consistently find that the co-occurrence of depression with chronic conditions in older adults is associated with more serious negative functional consequences. Cognitive theory says that distorted perceptions, not adverse (unfavorable) events, impair one's ability to appraise oneself and the event constructively. Increased plasma cortisol levels and increased activity of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis can lead to depression. Researchers have identified neuropathologic changes but have not identified a specific cause-and-effect relationship between dementia and depression.
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