How did the practices of science and magic begin to be separated during the seventeenth century? Who were some of the key individuals responsible for this shift?
What will be an ideal response?
A. Separation of science and magic
1. Western science of the time owed a lot to magic but it gradually
developed a direction of its own
a. empirical methods, rational explanations, and verifiable facts
2. abandonment of the prevailing image of the universe
a. Nicolaus Copernicus proposed reclassifying the Earth as one of
several planets revolving around the sun
3. scientific reasoning grew more systematic
a. Francis Bacon prized observation above tradition and devised
the inductive method by which a general inference is made from
a series of uniform observations and is then tested
b. René Descartes made doubt the key to the only possible
certainty and dealt with the question of epistemology
4. new achievements of seventeenth-century Western science
a. Isaac Newton practiced empiricism, the doctrine that reality is
observable and verifiable through our senses
b. Pierre-Simon de Laplace interpreted almost every known
physical phenomenon in terms of the attraction and repulsion of
atomic particles
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