When reviewing the medical history of a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS), the nurse is most likely to observe which of the following?
A) Elevated IL-12
B) Decreased interferon gamma
C) Elevated IL-10
D) Decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha
A) Elevated IL-12
Explanation: A) Individuals with MS have demonstrated a cytokine profile characterized by elevated levels of select pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, interferon gamma, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in conjunction with decreased production of anti-inflammatory (particularly IL-10) cytokines.
B) Individuals with MS have demonstrated a cytokine profile characterized by elevated levels of select pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, interferon gamma, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in conjunction with decreased production of anti-inflammatory (particularly IL-10) cytokines.
C) Individuals with MS have demonstrated a cytokine profile characterized by elevated levels of select pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, interferon gamma, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in conjunction with decreased production of anti-inflammatory (particularly IL-10) cytokines.
D) Individuals with MS have demonstrated a cytokine profile characterized by elevated levels of select pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-12, interferon gamma, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, in conjunction with decreased production of anti-inflammatory (particularly IL-10) cytokines.
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A nurse has frequent visitors while working. The manager has discussed with the nurse the negative effect of these visits on client care. What should the manager do next?
1. Ask staff if the visits have decreased. 2. Arrange a follow-up meeting with the nurse. 3. Counsel all nursing staff regarding the limitations of personal visitors. 4. Arrange to be visible on the nursing unit when this nurse is working.
The basic need a person would attempt to meet first is the need for
1. oxygen. 2. belonging. 3. water and food. 4. safety and security.
A client scheduled to have intravenous urography has diabetes and is taking the antidiabetic agent metformin (Glucophage). What does the nurse tell this client?
a. "Call your diabetes doctor and tell him or her that you are having an intravenous urogram performed using dye." b. "Do not take your metformin the morning of the test because you are not going to be eating anything and you could become hypoglycemic." c. "You must start on an antibiotic before this test because your risk of infection is greater as a result of your diabetes." d. "You must take your metformin imme-diately before the test is performed be-cause the IV fluid and the dye contain significant amounts of sugar."
Fluoxetine (_______) is safer than tricyclic antidepressants as it is less likely to lead to overdose death.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).