Which of the following would be non-physiologic measures that could be used in nursing research? (Select all that apply.)
a. Surveys that determine the percentage of counseling appointments that have decreased psychological pain in the 72 hours following each appointment
b. Photographs of chimpanzee chromosomes
c. Observation ratings of the depth of a pressure ulcer
d. Surgical interventions intended to ablate pain
e. Opinion surveys of what patients want to have included in their discharge teaching after outpatient surgery
ANS: A, E
Physiological measures include two categories: biophysical and biochemical measures. For example, biophysical measures might include the use of the stethoscope and sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure and a biochemical measure might include the laboratory value for total cholesterol. Self-report has been used effectively to obtain physiological information and may be particularly useful when the subjects are not in closely monitored settings such as hospitals, clinics, or research facilities. For some variables, self-report may be the only means of obtaining the information. Such may be the case when study participants experience a physiological phenomenon that cannot be observed or measured by others.
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