A 26-month-old displays negative behavior, refuses toilet training, and often says, "No!" Which psychosocial crisis is evident?
a. Trust versus mistrust
b. Initiative versus guilt
c. Industry versus inferiority
d. Autonomy versus shame and doubt
ANS: D
The crisis of autonomy versus shame and doubt relates to the developmental task of gaining control of self and environment, as exemplified by toilet training. This psychosocial crisis occurs during the period of early childhood. Trust versus mistrust is the crisis of the infant. Initiative versus guilt is the crisis of the preschool and early-school-aged child. Industry versus inferiority is the crisis of the 6- to 12-year-old child.
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