Describe the origins and evolution of restorative justice
What will be an ideal response?
The concept of community justice is a philosophy of using the community to control and reduce crime and to rebuild community relationships through community policing, community courts, and restorative justice. Although some authors use the terms "community justice" and "restorative justice" interchangeably, community justice is actually a broader concept that describes a philosophy overriding the whole criminal justice system (police, courts, and corrections), whereas restorative justice deals only with the sentencing and corrections component. Restorative justice is a sentencing philosophy and practice that emphasizes the offender taking responsibility to repair the harm done to the victim and the surrounding community. Restorative justice is more victim-centered than traditional methods, involving the victim and the community throughout the whole justice process (Karp, 1998; Van Ness & Strong, 1997; Wright, 1996). Restorative justice is practiced worldwide in both juvenile and adult systems, and the form that it takes is largely dependent on cultural factors. The form that it has taken in the United States is considered to be more akin to "Western restorative justice" compared to that practiced by indigenous peoples and Aboriginals in other countries such as Canada, New Zealand, and Australia (Cameron, 2006). Canada recognizes both forms of restorative justice (RJ)—Western RJ and aboriginal justice—as Western RJ speaks to the dominant Canadian majority, and Aboriginal initiatives honor the traditional values and legal principles of the Aboriginal people. In the United States, Western restorative justice is community-based and combines mainstream American criminal justice with indigenous justice practiced by Native Americans long before European settlers colonized North America.
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Which of the following is not a factor identified by Tillman and Pontell that contribute to the leniency given to white-collar offenders?
a. A “Status Shield” provided by occupation prestige b. White-collar offenders typically are more physically attractive c. The complex nature of white-collar cases created thought that more lenient punishments are justified d. White-collar criminals can afford better attorneys compared to traditional offenders
The muzzle-to-target zones in gunshot discharge patterns do not extend beyond 30 inches
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Which of the following is not one of the assumptions of making inferences about a larger population when using univariate tests?
a. the sample must be drawn from the population about which the inference is being made b. there is an assumption of a non-probability sampling technique c. when using inferential statistics we assume simple random sampling even when that is not possible d. inferences only apply to sampling error, not other types of error that may be present
Research shows that children with conduct disorder are frequently involved in bullying, fighting, committing sexual assaults, and behaving cruelly toward animals
Indicate whether the statement is true or false