A patient has heart failure and cardiac output is decreased. Which formula can the nurse use to calculate cardiac output?
a. Myocardial contractility ? Myocardial blood flow
b. Ventricular filling time/Diastolic filling time
c. Stroke volume ? Heart rate
d. Preload/Afterload
ANS: C
Cardiac output can be calculated by multiplying the stroke volume and the heart rate. The other options are not measures of cardiac output.
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