The nursing instructor will need to provide further instruction to the student who uses which of these statements when describing the differences between cognitive and psychosocial development in children?

Question

a. "The preschooler develops the ability to play in small groups."
b. "The toddler may participate in parallel play."
c. "The school-aged child still requires total assistance in all activities for safety."
d. "The toddler period is a time of potential frustration manifested by temper tantrums."

Answer 1

ANS: C
The care provider should promote independence within safe limits for the school-aged child. The school-aged child, according to Erikson, is in the industry versus inferiority stage of development. The school-aged child likes to perform tasks by himself when possible and needs to be praised for those tasks. The child continues to engage in solitary play during toddlerhood but also begins to participate in parallel play, which is playing beside rather than with another child. The toddler's strong will is frequently exhibited in negative behavior when caregivers attempt to direct his actions. Temper tantrums result when parental restrictions frustrate toddlers.