Which statement best reflects the essence of Madeleine Leininger's work?
1. Caring and curing cannot exist independently of each other.
2. Persons of all cultures tend to expect similar interventions from nursing care providers.
3. Both differences and commonalities exist in the ways cultures practice caring.
4. Western cultures practice caring at a superior level to that practiced in non-Western cultures.
Correct Answer: 3
Central to Leininger's work is the belief that cultures have differences in their ways of perceiving, knowing, and practicing care, but that there are also commonalities about care among cultures. She says there can be no cure without caring, but that there may be caring without curing. She emphasizes that human caring, although a universal phenomenon, varies among cultures in its expressions, processes, and patterns; it is largely culturally derived. She does not believe one culture is superior to any other.
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