Vagal tone remains intact following a spine injury because:
A) the vagus nerve originates outside the medulla and regulates the heart via the carotid arteries.
B) parasympathetic nerve fibers are largely under the control of the involuntary nervous system.
C) the nerve fibers of the parasympathetic nervous system do not originate from the brainstem or spinal cord.
D) the thoracolumbar system provides parasympathetic stimulation to the periphery via alpha and beta receptors.
Answer: A) the vagus nerve originates outside the medulla and regulates the heart via the carotid arteries.
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