Define, compare, and contrast each of the pathologies listed below. Are the risk factors for each the same? Explain your answer.
A. coronary artery disease
B. atherosclerosis
C. myocardial infarction
D. hypertension
E. congestive heart failure
A. Coronary blood vessels become blocked by cholesterol or blood clots, causing reduced blood flow.
B. Atherosclerosis is hardening of the arteries, which results from accumulation of cholesterol and other lipids,
proliferation of vascular smooth muscle, and hardening due to calcification and fibrosis. The bulge that forms
protrudes into the vessel lumen, reducing blood flow.
C. Myocardial infarction is the death of heart cells as a result of blocked blood flow.
D. Hypertension is high systemic blood pressure that develops as a result of increased peripheral resistance.
E. Congestive heart failure occurs after prolonged hypertension, when the cardiac muscle can no longer generate
the necessary cardiac output against the high peripheral resistance. As left cardiac output decreases, fluid backs up
into the lungs. Oxygenation of the blood decreases, the heart becomes even weaker, leading to more fluid
accumulation, and eventually death.
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The T wave on an ECG tracing represents
A) atrial depolarization. B) atrial repolarization. C) ventricular depolarization. D) ventricular repolarization. E) ventricular contraction.
Which of the following is a function of the thalamus?
A) secretes cerebrospinal fluid B) secretes melatonin C) processes sensory information and relays it to the cerebrum D) stores memories E) regulates food intake
The atomic mass of a proton is
A. 2 atomic mass units. B. 1 atomic mass unit. C. -1 atomic mass unit. D. 0 atomic mass units.
The iron that has been transferred to the liver after the aged erythrocytes were phagocytized is stored by the protein ________.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).